when you are telling me you have 5/16, 3/8. 7/16, ... and then 1/2 bolts for head bolts you are only telling me what the wrench size is for those bolts.
For example...........
your 1/2" head bolt is actually a 5/16" bolt but In the case of a head bolt the torque on that particular bolt is 18-20#....always go on the low side.
These days there are all kinds of specialty fasteners but in general ......
a 7/16 wrench normally fits on a 1/4" bolt.
1/2" wrench normally fits on a 5/16" bolt.
a 9/16" wrench normally fits on a 3/8" bolt.
You get the idea.
Usually you can add 3/16" to the bolt size and know your wrench size.
Anything under the flywheel always gets a coat of Loctite. The flathead screws get tightened with no torque spec.
The phillips on the gearcase is the one that holds the shift mechanism? Again, no specific torque that I know of but a new seal every time and gasket sealing compound on the threads and seal.